BCI Training Effects on Chronic Stroke Correlate with Functional Reorganization in Motor-Related Regions: A Concurrent EEG and fMRI Study

Brain–computer interface (BCI)-guided robot-assisted training strategy has been increasingly applied to stroke rehabilitation, while few studies have investigated the neuroplasticity change and functional reorganization after intervention from multimodality neuroimaging perspective. The present study aims investigate hemodynamic electrophysical changes induced by BCI using magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) electroencephalography (EEG) respectively, as well relationship between neurological motor function improvement. Fourteen chronic subjects received 20 sessions of BCI-guided robot hand training. Simultaneous EEG fMRI data were acquired before immediately intervention. Seed-based connectivity for resting-state effective analysis processed reveal interaction different brain regions. Moreover, among improvement, changes, derived two modalities was also investigated. This work suggested that (a) significant improvement could be obtained therapy, (b) effect significantly correlated with ipsilesional M1 (iM1) contralesional Brodmann area 6 (including premotor (cPMA) supplementary (SMA)) fMRI, (c) information flow cPMA iM1 strongly SMA EEG, (d) consistency results illustrated correlation change. Our showed in therapy survivors provided a better understanding neural mechanisms, especially motor-related regions during recovery. Besides, our finding demonstrated feasibility combining multiple